FREE ESSAY ON VILLAGE TO CITY

VILLAGE TO CITY

From Village to City Over the years of history, there have been many civilizations. We
will look at the earliest of all civilizations
known to man. From Village to City began in 8000BC and spanned all the way into 3000BC.
Throughout this report we will
look at the 6 key features of this civilization as outlined in our classroom discussions,
and hope to convey what we have learned
in a useful, and interesting way. The development of a city: The first city to be built
was Jericho, in the Middle East Map: This
map is a picture of what the division of land would have looked like in those times.
Clearly identified here, it is possible to see
Babylon, Ur, and Eridu. ? Microsoft Encarta '95. (Appendix 1). Sumer at this time evolved
into the largest city-state,
established by a people known as the Ubaidians. The development of the city, allowed for
rapid population growth due to the
abundance of food. Sheep, goat and pigs had been originally domesticated for use as food,
not as sources of clothing. The main
economic activity during this time was trade and barter. Obsidian, a volcanic glass was
fashioned into razor sharp tools and
weapons. It was also used as trade. People who lived near Obsidian deposits often risked
their lives to collect it and eventually
barter it off for food or money. Obsidian comes from volcanoes and was a kind of glass,
the only of the times. The value of
Obsidian was great, and so therefore was the supply and demand. Salt, ore, copper, and
soapstone were accepted trade
materials around 8000BC. Most of the Village to City civilization took place during the
copper age, when copper was mined
and used for many purposes. Trade developed between different cities, Jericho, Sumer,
Adab, Eridu, Isin, Kish, Kullab,
Lagash, Larsa, Nippur and Ur. Most of the trade consisted of livestock and other things
such as weapons and food. Sumerians
constructed large temples called Ziggurats. These temples were the focal point of
religious activities in towns. They were made
of sun-dried mud bricks that eroded easily. Not many of these remain today. Near 4000BC,
urban societies included, farmers,
herders, merchants, artisans, priests, debtors, creditors and social leaders. Economic
authority in that time took the form of tax
collection, creditors and debtors. Civil authority was created with the use of Hammurabi
code. Hammurabi Code is in a way the
articulation of values. It reflects the way they believed that matters should be handled
from their times. This code is a collection
of the laws and edicts of the Babylonian King Hammurabi. King Hammurabi's code covers
everything from loans, deposits and
personal injury to domestic property and family rights. It contains no laws for religion,
but the criminal law is comparable to the
Semitic law of an eye for an eye. This code was particularly humane for its time.
However, remnants of King Hammurabi's
Code of Laws are still present in today's society. Many people believe that the Capital
Punishment controversy dates back to
King Hammurabi. Capital Punishment has been outlawed in Canada, however it is still in
effect as the main source of deterrence
and for cleaning up the streets in many countries i.e. the U.S.A. (in some states).
Division of Labor: Since there had been
farmers, merchants, etc., a division of labour was present. As fore said, there were many
job roles that had to be fulfilled, for
the society to function. There was no real specific information regarding the use of
gender roles. However, there were certain
roles that were male only, such as hunter and farmer, and other that were designated for
females; namingly cooking and
cleaning. Class structure developed as the cities grew larger. Leaders and civil
authority were in a higher class than that of the
regular citizens. In this time period also there was slavery. Slaves, to which later
became more commonly known as 'Serfs'.
Development of Writing: Cuneus: Given above is some text which has been written in the
form of Cuneus. It is engraved in a
stone tablet as they had not discovered paper. ? Microsoft Encarta '95. (Appendix 2). The
first form of writing known, was
cuneiform. In cuneiform each symbol represented a word. This writing was developed around
3000BC, and lasted until the 1st
century. With this development it allowed for the continuity in beliefs and helped keep
business and legal records. The same
writing gave us a very good insight into their culture, and way of life today. Cuneus,
Latin for wedge, was given this name
because the symbols appear wedge shaped. This writing has been found on clay, stone,
metals and wax. Earlier forms of these
were pictographs, but this became too difficult, which led to the use of lines instead.
Cuneiform also helped with the continuity of
traditions, and passing on of heritage. Art: Urn: This Urn clearly shows the importance
that art played in their lives. By this time
period they had already invented the potters wheel. ? Microsoft Encarta '95. (Appendix
3). Art was very popular during these
times. This terra-cotta urn demonstrated that this culture enjoyed arts as an
entertainment, use for burial or as barter.
Architecture was demonstrated with the early construction of Ziggurats. House walls were
plastered and sometimes painted.
These same Ziggurats were used for worshipping in, and was considered a sacred place.
Technological Advancements: The
Wheel: The artifacts above are the actual first wheels that were ever invented. After the
first' wheels came more advanced
theories. ? Microsoft Encarta '95. (Appendix 4). The wheel originated in early
Mesopotamia around 3000BC. It was a great
technological achievement. This allowed for easier travel as the wheeled cart replaced
the wedge as a means of transport. Also,
with the invention of the wheel came a wider trade area, increasing a civilizations reach
into other areas. Seen here in the above
picture, are some of the earliest models of the wheel known to man. The very first wheel
that was constructed was made with
the use of ball bearings on the inner portion of the wheel, which is actually a quite
advanced theory. Ball bearings are commonly
used today for many things. Also, Grass was harvested for seeds, with a sickle made up of
flint blades set into wood. Obsidian
was fashioned into sharp arrowheads and weapons. Rocks were used to crush grain for
baking, and hammers were used to
construct buildings. All theses tools allowed for better harvests and shaping of the
environment. The Environmental Impact:
Tools: Given in this picture are many of the early tools used for cultivating, farming,
and grinding wheat. ? Microsoft Encarta
'95. (Appendix 5). Village to City populations affected the environment negatively. They
over-cultivated the land, when they
discovered harvesting. In some cases this was so severe, that it instigated the process
of desertification. Since the technological
level was not as sophisticated as other civilizations, the environment was not polluted,
just over-used. This ultimately led to the
downfall of some cities. It became increasingly harder to grow because the land was tired
and could no longer produce the
proper vitamins the plants needed to survive. Some cultures had to rely solely on the
barter system and livestock reproduction
for food. Conclusion: Many aspects of the Village to City civilization can be found still
in today's modern society. One of the
most valuable inventions was the wheel, presently we see wheels everywhere. We would not
have cars, planes, computers,
literally anything can be derived from these early ancestors. The people in that time
made many important discoveries, many of
which are being used to date. Furthermore, if it weren't for the advancements that were
made up from our ancestors of long
ago, we no doubt not be where we are today. We must ask ourselves, when they invented,
did they comprehend the
repercussions of their developments? In other words, did they realize that they were
changing history as we know it forever. If it
were not for these early inventors surely we would not be as advanced as we are now.
Bibliography: 1. Davis, M. Dale.
Civilizations in History. Toronto: Oxford University Press Canada ?, 1947. 2. Brown, Dale
and Edmond White. The First of
Men. 2nd edition Toronto: Time-Life? Books ? 1973. 3. Aiello, Leslie. The Origins of Man.
2nd Edition. Scarborough:
Prentice-Hall ? Books ?, 1982. 4. Gibson, Dwight L., Terry G. Murphy, Fredrick E. Jarman
and Derek Grant. All About
Law. 3rd Edition. Toronto: John Wiley & Sons Canada ?, 1990. 5. Sumerian Civilization,
and Sumerian Culture. Microsoft
Encarta. CD-ROM. Micromedia. ?, 1994. 6. Haberman, Arthur and Ian Hundey. Civilizations.
Toronto: Gage Books ?,
1993.