FREE ESSAY ON THE ADVANCEMENT OF THE MAYAN CIVILIZATION

THE ADVANCEMENT OF THE MAYAN CIVILIZATION

The highly advanced citizens of the ancient Mayan civilization used hieroglyphics to keep
important historical records, made many advancements in mathematics, and had a highly
accurate astronomy system. Throughout their years of existence, the Mayans proved to be
one of the most advanced civilizations ever recorded. Their hieroglyphic writing skills
have been documented to be some of the most sophisticated in all of ancient America. The
Mayans also had an amazing understanding of mathematics and the workings of the universe.
They have, through these things and more, to be on of the most advanced ancient
civilizations in all of the world.
The Mayan civilization had a rich and interesting history. The history of the Mayans has
been classified into five historical periods. The first is the Formative Period, which
lasted from 1500 BC to approximately 150 AD and saw the rapid development of its early
people and the erection of its first temples. Another important period was the Classic
Period. This period lasted from about 250 to 900 AD and included the rise royal rule,
commerce, urban centers and ceremony. The Postclassic Period occurred from 900 to 1500 AD
and whitened the fall of the Mayan civilization
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from its Golden Age. The Mayan history is a remarkable documentation of a extremely
advanced civilization.
The Mayan hieroglyphic system of writing stands as one of the most remarkable displays of
the advancements of a civilization in the history of the Americas due to its complexity
in design and usage. Their system of writing was the only one developed before the
arrival of Columbus and has been noted as the most advanced system developed in all of
ancient America. The Mayan writing was based on independent sections called glyphs, which
many times appear quite flashy and complex to outsiders eyes. Through research by
scholars, about 800 glyphs have been discovered , which exceeds the number of signs
needed for an alphabet (about 30) or a syllabary (about 125) . Their system, on the other
hand, ceased to include enough sign for a logographic script, as in the Chinese.
Therefore, it worked much like other hieroglyphic writing systems of that time. The
overall form and usage of the writing system proved to be an important tool used by the
Mayans.
Their hieroglyphic writing system appears in many different forms. The Mayans have
produced approximately 5,000 hieroglyphic writings in many different forms and on such
things as alters, ornaments, pottery vessels, building walls and inside caves and 
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tombs. They have also inscribed on stalae, which are slabs of stone which tell important
historical facts, and in books, called codices. Some of the inscriptions that have been
found have been deciphered to discover that they document the lineage and accomplishments
of the rulers of the great Mayan cities. The three of four remaining books are thought,
by scholars, to deal with the topics of astrology, astronomy and religion. On the other
hand, the codices that have been destroyed probably dealt with many subjects, such as
history, medicine, genealogies, divination and mythology. The forms of the Mayan written
language further instill the advancement of this great civilization.
The form of the glyphs themselves was very complex. Some of the more elaborate ones were
visibly pictures of natural things and yet some were abstract in design. A group of
glyphs were put together in glyph groups. The glyph groups are broken down into the main
sign and affixes, which are broken down again into prefixes, superfixes, subfixes and
postfixes. These are named according to their position in relation to the main sign. The
complexity of the glyphs, therefore, increases the proof of the civilization's
advancement.
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The Mayans have proven their advancement even further through their amazing understanding
of the concept of zero. During the late Preclassic period, the Mayans invented the
concept of zero or nothing. This is an amazing task due to the fact that no other
civilization, at that time, had started using this concept. The concept of zero is one of
the two basics that are employed in the Mayan mathematical system. Zero furthermore
increased their understanding of the universe and ,therefore, caused them to become even
more advanced. 
The Mayan numerical system is quite amazing, because of its simplicity in design. The
only three notations used in this system are a dot, a horizontal bar and a shell design.
Therefore, to write large numbers the Mayans employ a second key principle to their
system. That is relating the size of the number with its position. Unlike modern day
civilizations, which use this same concept in a horizontal method, the Mayan used it in a
vertical system of notation. The system worked under the principle that every level that
the number moved vertically it would be multiplied by twenty. For example, the base line
would keep its normal value, the second line would be twenty times what was written, the
third line would be 400(20 times 20) times what was written and so on. This means that
their system is a vigesimal one, which means that it is 
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based on the number twenty. Using a small number of signs and still containing a variety
of uses further show the advancement of the civilization.
One of the ancient Mayan's most advanced skills was their very accurate astronomical
observations. An amazing fact about their observations is that they never stopped making
them. The accuracy of their findings is quite remarkable, considering that they had not
yet discovered glass and, therefore, had no precision instruments. That means they had no
clepsydra(water clock), clocks or hourglasses. They basically had nothing to tell exact
time. Yet, they still calculated the lunar month to be 29.53020 days long, which is only
.00039 of a day different from calculations of today. Due to their astronomy, the Mayans
knew many things that other civilizations did not, such as the moon and Venus. They also
realized that the Morning and Evening Star were the same thing. With these extremely
accurate observation, the Mayans created the year consisting of 365 days. These
observations helped them create many other beneficial things for their people and
civilization.
The Mayan study of astronomy produced a calendar that, to this day, is one of the most
accurate ever produced. Their calendar was actually the combination of three other
calendars; the Haab, the Tzolkin and the Calendar Round. The Tzolkin, or Sacred Almanac,
was 260 days long and was divided into 13 twenty day months. The Haas 
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was 360 days long and was divided into 18 twenty day months plus an additional month of
five days, which were unnamed. These two calendars are then combined in an interlocking
fashion to form the Calendar Round. This interlocking cycle repeats every 52 years, or
18,980 days. Every Mayan date had two names, one in the Tzolkin and one in the Haas.
Therefore, every one of the Calendar Round's days has a different combination of day
name, day number, month name and month number. Throughout their civilization, the
calendar proved to be a very useful tool. 
The ancient Mayans were the most advanced ancient American civilization ever documented
due to their amazing advancements in hieroglyphic writing, mathematics and astronomy.
Their workings with hieroglyphics were one of the foundations of all writing systems from
that day on. The Mayans astronomical observations are some of the most accurate ever
recorded and their calendar is one of the bases of the modern day dating system. Their
mathematical systems using the concept of zero show their prowess and understanding of
the subject. Therefore, the Mayans are one of the most advanced ancient civilizations
ever.
Bibliography
Works Cited
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Company, 1987.
Ivanoff, Pierre. Mayan Enigma; The Search for a Lost Civilization. New York: Delacorte
Press, 1971.
Mayan Calendar. Encyclopedia Britannica. 15th ed. Volumn 7. 1998.
Mayan Hieroglyphic Writing. Encyclopedia Britannica. 15th ed. Volumn 7. 1998.
Morley, Sylvanus G. and George W. Brainerd. The Ancient Maya. Stanford, CA: Stanford
University Press, 1983.
Schele, Linda and David Freidel. A Forest of Kings; The Untold Story of the Ancient Maya.
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Goegraphic Society, 1993.
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