FREE ESSAY ON SCHIZOPHRENIA: THEORIES

SCHIZOPHRENIA: THEORIES

John 
Psychology 
Schizophrenia: Theories 
Schizophrenia is a mental disorder characterized by the loss of contact with reality.
When a person's thinking, feeling, and behavior is so far from normal as to interfere
with his or her ability to function in everyday life. When delusions, hallucinations,
irregular thinking or emotions are produced, then he or she has a mental illness called
schizophrenia. About one hundred years ago schizophrenia was first recognized as a mental
disorder and researchers have been searching for a cure since. 
The exact cause of schizophrenia is still unknown and scientists are certain that
schizophrenia has more than one cause. Scientists have developed dozens of theories to
explain what causes this disease, but researchers are focusing on four leading theories.
They are the Genetic Theory, the Environmental Theory, the Biochemical Theory, and the
Bio-Psycho-Social Theory. The Genetic Theory argues that schizophrenia is caused by
traits in a person's genetic makeup. As we all know, a person has twenty-three pairs of
chromosomes. Each pair contains one chromosome from each parent. In corresponding
locations, called loci, of each chromosome the genes for specific traits are located.
Some researchers believe that problems with these genes can cause schizophrenia. We
inherit our genes from our parents but this does not mean that the parents of a
schizophrenic are mentally ill. Problems in a persons genetic make up could come from
mutated chromosomes or recessive genes. In an attempt to prove this theory scientists
study identical twins. Due to the fact that identical twins have the exact same genetic
make up researchers will be able to determine if heredity is the main cause of
schizophrenia. However, evidence seems to disprove this theory. This is because on some
occasions both identical twins are schizophrenics and other times only one is inflicted.
To defend the theory, it should be noted that this research is difficult and complicated.
Identical twins are relatively rare, especially twins who are both diagnosed with
schizophrenia. Further defending the theory, studies have shown that children with one
parent diagnosed with schizophrenia have a ten percent chance of suffering from
schizophrenia. When both parents are schizophrenic their risk raises to about forty
percent. 
Very little is known about the Environmental Theory. It is built mainly on the effects
stress has on human behavior, however, most researchers agree that stress alone cannot be
the main cause of schizophrenia. Most researchers agree that stress can trigger or worsen
the symptoms when the illness is already present. Other researchers focus on drug abuse.
Like stress, certain drugs such as amphetamines can make psychotic symptoms worse if a
person already has schizophrenia. Furthermore, these drugs can create schizophrenia -
like symptoms in normal persons when the dosage is large. Other researchers that support
the Environmental Theory believe that slow viruses may be to blame. Slow viruses are
viral infections that go undetected for long periods of time therefore signs and symptoms
are delayed and may occur many years after the first infection. 
The Bio-Chemical Theory suggests that schizophrenia is caused by mixed up signals to the
brain. When something acts upon one of our senses, electrical impulses are sent to the
brain. These impulses allow us to feel pain, smell, and they also manage our thought
processes. In our body we have a complex nerve system. For example, there is no one
single nerve that travels from our feet to our brain. Therefore, in order for information
to be sent to the brain the nerves must interact with each other. Because the system is
so complex it is possible for the signal to get mixed up. When this happens our brain may
misinterpret the signal or may not receive it at all. If the signal does get mixed up on
the way to the brain the make up of the impulse can undergo a chemical change resulting
in abnormal thought processes and abnormal behavior. For example, scientists have
in-depth studies on a chemical in the brain called dopamine. They believe that
schizophrenics have higher levels of this chemical than a mentally sound person. To
experiment, researchers have injected animals and humans with amphetamines, this
increases the amount of dopamine reaching the brain. Following the injection, the animals
exhibit the same behavior as humans who have been diagnosed with schizophrenia, such as
standing still for long periods of time or continuously pacing. In humans, research has
shown that when given small doses of amphetamines the amount of dopamine in the brain
slightly increases. Although the increase is small it still causes delusions and
hallucinations. In conclusion, researchers believe that an increased amount of dopamine
to the brain causes abnormal behavior, however, they cannot safely say that this is the
sole cause of schizophrenia. 
The Bio-Psycho-Social Theory combines all of the previous theories. Some researchers
believe that bio-chemical abnormalities are a contributing factor but that other events
must also occur. They suggest that environmental and social problems have to be
considered along with biological problems. Social scientists believe that no chemical
factors are involved, instead they believe mental disorders are described as a
consequence of human motivations, drives, and unconscious forces. (Schizophrenia, Douglas
W. Smith). These scientists suggest that people become overloaded with stress,
information, and stimulation. When this happens they lose their ability to cope with the
anxiety which accompanies these stressors. Instead of dealing with their problems they
seek peace in their own world. For example, it is common for individuals to return to
happy times in their life such as infancy and they begin to act like a child. 
Scientists have asked if there is a particular nationality that suffers more than any
other. Studies have been done in Ireland and it appears that one in every twenty-five
people show signs of schizophrenia, opposed to one in every hundred in the United States.
E. Fuller Torrey has spent a great deal of time researching a number of schizophrenics in
Ireland. Torrey has discovered that the population of schizophrenics has been rising
since the 18th Century. After he made his findings public other scientists began asking
questions as to why the Irish are suffering so badly. The basis of their research has
focused around their diet, mainly potatoes. If potatoes are exposed to too much sunlight
they produce an alkaloid called solanine. Solanine has the ability to induce
gastro-intestinal problems and psychotic symptoms such as hallucinations. The idea that
schizophrenia in Ireland is caused by the potato is not as far fetched as people might
believe. Closer to home, a mental disease that afflicted southerners, pellagra, was
caused solely from the lack of the vitamin niacin. This may lead us to believe that a
mental disorder can be caused by too much exposure or lack of a certain type of food.
Another possibility, is the amount of insecticides the Irish consume from the potato. At
planting time farmers use high amounts of chemicals on their potatoes to protect them
from insects. When an insect ingests the chemicals they are easily killed because the
chemicals interfere with the normal functioning of the nervous system by disrupting the
transmission of nerve impulses. If large doses of these chemicals have the same affect on
humans as they do on insects this could answer the Irish dilemma. These toxins could be
especially dangerous to women who are pregnant by damaging the fetal nerve tissue.
Despite all these theories, it is quite evident that the cause of schizophrenia is still
a mystery. It also seems clear that this disease is not caused by any one factor. As of
now, researchers are leaning toward the Bio-Chemical theory.
In conclusion, there are many therioes on how an individual aquires schizophrenia. There
were stated in the paragraphs above as The Genetic Theroy, the Biochemical Theory, and
the Bio-Physco-Social Theory. 
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Mayer, Robert M.D. Satan's Children, New York: G.P. Putnam & Sons, 1991 
2. Wallis, Claudia and James Wellsworth, Awakenings. Time July 7, 1992, pp 36-44.
Schizophrenia, Youth's Greatest Disabler, Schizo Society of N.S., 1988 
3. Smith, Douglas W. Schizophrenia, Toronto: Franklin Watts, 1993
Bibliography
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Mayer, Robert M.D. Satan's Children, New York: G.P. Putnam & Sons, 1991 
2. Wallis, Claudia and James Wellsworth, Awakenings. Time July 7, 1992, pp 36-44.
Schizophrenia, Youth's Greatest Disabler, Schizo Society of N.S., 1988 
3. Smith, Douglas W. Schizophrenia, Toronto: Franklin Watts, 1993