FREE ESSAY ON REALISM

REALISM

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CivilizationWomen's IssuesWorld AffairsZoology Sample Papers 1. AMERICAN REALISM (ACTUAL
PAPER IS 2369 WORDS)2. CLONING - THE BIO ETHICAL CONCEPT (ACTUAL PAPER IS APP. 1868
WORDS)3. A DAY IN MY LIFE 100 YEARS FROM NOW (FICTIONAL ESSAY)4. BIBLIOGRAPHY SAMPLE: 1.
American RealismWhat historical events led up to the period of literature called American
Realism (i.e. What attitudes did people have in order to make this sort of literature
popular at the time?), and how do 2-3 of these novels exemplify this
attitude/genre?Writing often makes the most sense when read in its original historical
context. The best interpretations will thereby make connections between a work's internal
structure and the ways of thinking in the work's social and historical context.Realism in
literature is an attempt to describe human behavior and surroundings or to represent
figures and objects exactly as they act or appear in life. Attempts at realism have been
made periodically throughout history in all the arts; the term is, however, generally
restricted to a movement that began in the mid-19th century, in reaction to the highly
subjective approach of romanticism. The difference between realism and naturalism is
harder to define, however, and the two terms are often used interchangeably. The
distinction lies in the fact that realism is concerned directly with what is absorbed by
the senses; naturalism, a term more properly applied to literature, attempts to apply
scientific theories to the same.American Realist literature is defined particularly as
the fiction produced in the United States from about 1840 until the 1890s, when realism
was superseded by naturalism. Mark Twain and William Dean Howells were the pioneers of
realism in the United States. One of the greatest realists of all, the Anglo-American
novelist Henry James, drew much inspiration from his mentors, Eliot and Howells. James's
concern with character motivation and behavior led to the development of a subgenre, the
psychological novel.The mid-nineteenth century was a time of incredible changes. When I
say changes, I refer to social, as well as technological advancements. These times were
making enormous changes in everyone's lives. Anything that is new or totally different
from what one is accustomed to dealing with, causes a certain amount of hesitation at
first. The days of romantic, flowery discourse and literature made way for the more
practical, solid, real interpretation of life.In general, the work of these writers
illustrates the main tenet of realism, that writers must not select facts in accord with
preconceived aesthetic or ethical ideals but must set down their observations impartially
and objectively. Concerned with the faithful representation of life, which frequently
lacks form, the realists tended to downplay plot in favor of character and to concentrate
on middle-class life and preoccupations, avoiding larger, more dramatic issues.Mark
Twain, pseudonym of Samuel Langhorne Clemens, was an American writer and humorist, whose
best work is characterized by broad, often irreverent humor or biting social satire.
Twain's writing is also known for realism of place and language, memorable characters,
and hatred of hypocrisy and oppression.Much of Twain's best work was written in the 1870s
and 1880s in Hartford or during the summers at Quarry Farm, near Elmira, New York.
Twain's skill in capturing the rhythms of life helps make his books count among the
masterpieces of American literature. Twain's work during the 1890s and the 1900s is
marked by growing pessimism and bitterness—the result of his business reverses and,
later, the deaths of his wife and two daughters. A significant work of this period is
Pudd'nhead Wilson (1894), a novel set in the South before the Civil War that criticizes
racism by focusing on mistaken racial identities.Twain's work was inspired by the
unconventional West, and the popularity of his work marked the end of the domination of
American literature by New England writers. He is justly renowned as a humorist but was
not always appreciated by the writers of his time as anything more than that. Successive
generations of writers, however, recognized the role that Twain played in creating a
truly American literature. He portrayed uniquely American subjects in a humorous and
colloquial, yet poetic, language. His success in creating this plain but evocative
language precipitated the end of American reverence for British and European culture and
for the more formal language associated with those traditions.There is no character,
howsoever good and fine, but it can be destroyed by ridicule, howsoever poor and witless.
Observe the ass, for instance: his character is about perfect, he is the choicest spirit
among all the humbler animals, yet see what ridicule has brought him to. Instead of
feeling complimented when we are called an ass, we are left in doubt.-- Pudd'nhead
Wilson's CalendarAt the beginning of Pudd'nhead Wilson a young slave woman, fearing for
her infant's son's life, exchanges her light-skinned child with her master's. From this
rather simple premise Mark Twain fashioned one of his most entertaining, funny, yet
biting novels. On its surface, Pudd'nhead Wilson possesses all the elements of an
engrossing nineteenth-century mystery: reversed identities, a horrible crime, an
eccentric detective, a suspenseful courtroom drama, and a surprising, unusual solution.
Yet it is not a mystery novel. Seething with the undercurrents of antebellum southern
culture, the book is a savage indictment in which the real criminal is society, and
racial prejudice and slavery are the crimes. Pudd'nhead Wilson glistens with
characteristic Twain humor, with suspense and with pointed irony: a gem among the
author's later works. 2. Cloning - The Bio Ethical ConceptBio ethics, which is the study
of value judgements pertaining to human conduct in the area of biology and includes those
related to the practice of medicine, has been an important aspect of all areas in the
scientific field (Bernstein, Maurice, M.D.). It is one of the factors that says whether
or not certain scientific research can go on, and if it can, under which rules and
regulations it must abide by. One of the most recent and controversial issues facing our
society today is the idea of cloning. On February 23, 1997, Ian Wilmut, a Scottish
scientist, along with his colleagues at the Roslin Institute and PPL Therapeutics,
announced to the world that they had cloned a lamb, which they named Dolly, after Dolly
Parton, from an adult sheep (Mario, Christopher). The two share the same nucleic DNA, but
differ in terms of their mitochondria DNA, which is vitally important for the regulation
of the cell. The media and the press ignored this fact, and thus claimed that Dolly and
her mother were genetically identical, which sparked a fury of outcry all around the
world. The technique of transferring a nucleus from a somatic cell into an egg cell of
which the nucleus had been removed, called nuclear transplantation, is an extension of
research that had been ongoing for over 40 years. Up until now, scientists thought that
adult cells could not be reprogrammed to behave like a fertilised egg and create an
embryo, but the evidence obtained by Dolly's success prove otherwise. The issues of
cloning have been around for a long time, starting with the publication of Joshua
Lederberg's 1966 article on cloning in the American Naturalist, and the publics interest
has been perked by many sci-fi books, films, and movies including Aldous Huxley's 1932
novel Brave New World, 1973's Sleeper, the 1978 film The Boys from Brazil, and most
recently, the movie Multiplicity (Mario, Christopher). The ethical, legal, and moral
issues aroused by cloning have been raised by previous projects, and are now simply
emerging again, with its focus on three major points: the shift from sexual reproduction
with that of asexual replication of existing genes; the ability to predetermine the genes
of a child; and the ability to create many genetically identical children
(Report/Recommendations of the NBAC). The public responded to Dolly with a mixture of
fear and excitement, questioning the benefits and the disasters that could happen in the
future if research was to continue. From a poll taken by Maurice Bernstein, M.D., the
results showed that 72% of the votes said that cloning should be prohibited by law. They
believe that cloning for any reason would be an unethical and immoral thing to do. A
common misconception of cloning is that it is the instantaneous creation of a fully grown
adult from the cells of the individual. Also, that an exact copy, although much younger,
of an existing person could be made, reflecting the belief that one's genes bear a simple
relationship to the physical and psychological traits that make up a person. This is one
point that those against cloning are often worried about. That the clone would have no
soul, no mind, no feelings or emotions of their own, no say in how their life will be
with their destiny predetermined for them, and that each individual clone would not be
unique. They are also afraid that the clone will not be treated like a person, more like
a worthless second copy, or a fill-in for what was there but now is lost. Although the
genes do play an important part, its the interaction among a person's genetic
inheritance, their environment, memories, different life experiences, and the process of
learning that result in the uniqueness of each individual (Mario, Christopher). 3. A Day
in my Life 100 Years from now An electronic noise booms in my ear just as a metallic arm
taps my shoulder. Seven o' clock. The RAC (robotic alarm clock works), much as I hate to
say it, like clockwork. Right on time. I groan and crawl out of my circular, electrically
heated airbed. I love these contraptions - after I threw out my waterbed, the ownership
of which was hardly a novelty, I decided to treat myself to a cushioned bed that molded
and supported nocturnal movements.I have a breakfast of fortifying mineral tablets
flavored with one of ninety thousand varieties available. I realize that I have to shop
for a present for my surrogate mother; it's her birthday today. I shop online, and have
to choose between several varieties of thermal scarves and a virtual dog, that yapped and
ate and shat and did pretty much all that the extinct dog used to do, with half the
trouble. When the government had decided to do away with all dogs because of a widespread
rabies epidemic at the turn of the millenium, the decision had been met with not a little
opposition. With time, they had developed what had been deemed the smartest (and most
lucrative) invention of the century. I have two virtual poodles of my own, with their
very own virtual Siamese kitten to play with. After I'm done with shopping (which tires
me; the number of stores they have is simply astounding), I decide to have a chat with my
neighbor about the construction of a planet-watcher on our roof. Both his and my kids
have moved to the moon as means to the end of de-populating, so to speak, the Earth. With
the planet-watcher, we could watch and speak with, inhabitants of virtually any planet
within the Solar System. I switch my palmtop from shop-stop to chat-mode and see that my
neighbor is fast asleep. It's not too difficult to hack into his RAC and have him awoken.
(After all, my work as ICP (Internet/Computer Professional) wasn't for nothing, even if I
did choose to take an early retirement.) He stares at his ceiling LCD display to see me
laughing. Oh, no, not again…. he groans, …I just changed my PIN numbers
yesterday! We need to talk about the PW! I say. With the introduction of the brain
mnemonics, my messages are transferred to his PC within a fraction of a second. Hey, what
do you say to a little vacation on the moon? Sounds good! Let me see if there's a rocket
flight for today.I am online again, surfing the virtual porn and leaving video messages
for my surrogate mom while I search for flights. When I find two flights, a minute from
each other, I beam my wardrobe and poodles onto Moon Beam Station 4, where my son lived.
Anything else? I quickly shop for my son and his live-in mate, and beam the presents,
gift-wrapped, to his house. I was going to the moon.4. Bibliography Sample:1. Alcohol,
Tobacco, and Other Drugs in the Workplace MINNESOTA INSTITUTE OF PUBLIC HEALTH. National
Survey Results on Drug Use from Monitoring the Future Study. NIDA, 1975-1993. 2. Alcohol
and Drugs on American College Campuses: Use, Consequences, and Perceptions of the Campus
Environment. Core Institute, 1998. 3. Presley, C.A., et. al., Alcohol and Drugs on
American College Campuses: Use, Consequences, and Perceptions of the Campus Environment,
Vol. I: 1989-1991. The Core Institute, Student Health Program, Southern Illinois
University-Carbondale, January 1993. 4. Presley, C.A. and Meilman, P.W., Alcohol and
Drugs on American College Campuses: A Report to College Presidents. Student Health
Program, Wellness Center, Southern Illinois University-Carbondale, July 1996. 5. OSAP's
(now CSAP) Alcohol Practices, Policies, and Potentials of American Colleges and
Universities: A White Paper, 1999. 
Bibliography
1. Alcohol, Tobacco, and Other Drugs in the Workplace MINNESOTA INSTITUTE OF PUBLIC
HEALTH. National Survey Results on Drug Use from Monitoring the Future Study. NIDA,
1975-1993. 2. Alcohol and Drugs on American College Campuses: Use, Consequences, and
Perceptions of the Campus Environment. Core Institute, 1998. 3. Presley, C.A., et. al.,
Alcohol and Drugs on American College Campuses: Use, Consequences, and Perceptions of the
Campus Environment, Vol. I: 1989-1991. The Core Institute, Student Health Program,
Southern Illinois University-Carbondale, January 1993. 4. Presley, C.A. and Meilman,
P.W., Alcohol and Drugs on American College Campuses: A Report to College Presidents.
Student Health Program, Wellness Center, Southern Illinois University-Carbondale, July
1996. 5. OSAP's (now CSAP) Alcohol Practices, Policies, and Potentials of American
Colleges and Universities: A White Paper, 1999.