FREE ESSAY ON RACISM AND PREJUDICE

RACISM AND PREJUDICE

Kismartoni
Sociology 
May 27, 1998
Racism and Prejudice
Background
People of the world are part of different races, which share different biologically
transmitted traits that members of society deem socially significant. Nineteenth-century
biologist labeled people with relatively light skin and fine hair as Caucasians; they
called those with darker skin and coarser, curlier hair Negroid; and people with yellow
or brown skin and distinctive folds on the eyelids were termed Mongoloid. 
Sociologist consider such categories misleading since we now know that no society is
composed of biologically pure individuals because of the human migration and the
interracial births. People with different races have different ethnicity or different
shared cultural heritage. Members of an ethnic category have common ancestor, language,
or religion that, together, confer a distinctive social identity. Race and ethnicity are
different since one is biological and the other is cultural. But the two sometimes go
hand in hand. Some people distinguished by physical or cultural traits are socially
disadvantaged, this category of persons is called a racial or ethnic minority. Minorities
share the same identity; they are set apart and subordinated. 
Minorities often suffer from prejudice what is a rigid and irrational generalization
about an entire category of people with little regard for the facts. Prejudices can be
positive or negative. Prejudices combine to form a stereotype which involves emotions
like love and loyalty generally toward members of ingroups or hate and fear toward
outgroups, they are exaggerated images that are hard to change even in the face of
contradictory evidence. 
Racism is a more powerful and destructive form of prejudice, racism refers to the belief
that one racial category is innately superior or inferior to another. Today, racism
remains a serious social problem everywhere as people still contend that some racial and
ethnic categories are better than others are. 
Social scientist have came up with various theories to explain prejudice. The first
hypothesis is the scapegoat theory holds that prejudice springs from frustration. The
authoritarian personality theory follows it, which states that extreme prejudice was a
personality trait of particular individuals. The third approach holds that, some
prejudice is common to everyone since such attitudes are embedded in culture. The last
views claims that powerful people utilize prejudice as a strategy to oppress minorities.
Closely related to prejudice is the concept of discrimination, any action that involves
treating various categories of people unequally. Like prejudice, discrimination can be
either positive ( providing special advantages ) or negative. 
Social scientist describe patterns of interaction among racial and ethnic categories in
terms of four models; Pluralism, assimilation, segregation, and genocide. 
Pluralism is a state in which racial and ethnic minorities are distinct but have social
parity. Pluralism is the goal of our society's recent trend toward multiculturalism. 
Assimilation is the process by which minorities gradually adopt patterns of the dominant
culture. This involves changing modes of dress, values religion, language, or friends.
Not surprisingly, elite's tend to favor the assimilation model since it holds them up as
the standard to which others should aspire. 
Segregation refers to the physical and social separation of categories of people. Until
the early 1960's, the Jim Crow laws formally segregated hotels, restaurants, parks, buses
and even drinking fountains. Some minorities, especially religious orders like Amish,
they voluntarily segregated themselves. 
The most brutal form of racism is the genocide which is the systematic annihilation of
one category of people by another. This happened during the course of history when the
nazis exterminated more than 6 million Jewish man, woman, and children in what has become
the Holocaust. Also in Cambodia between 1975 and 1980, Pol Pot's communist regime
condemned to death 2million people for being able to speak any Western language and even
individuals who wore eyeglasses, viewed as a symbol of capitalist culture.
Procedure: 
I gave surveys to 24 randomly selected students from the Escola Americana do Rio de
Janeiro. The surveyed group of students was equally divided into males and females. With
the help of the survey I wanted to find out if people discriminate or prejudice
minorities and if they do so which gender does is more racist. The survey consisted of
three parts. 
The first part of the survey showed a picture of a white skin colored person and an
Afro-American person, than the surveyed person was asked to choose one of the pictures
for a business magazine article. For males male pictures were used and for females female
pictures were used in the survey. 
The second part of the survey asked the surveyed person that how would he/she fell if
his/her best friend would get married to someone of a different ethnic race or religion.
The possible answers were strongly agree, agree, undecided, disagree, strongly disagree.

The third part of the survey stated a sentence saying that the school should give
scholarships to intelligent minority students. Than the surveyed person had to mark his
feelings in a multiple choice list were the possible answers were strongly agree, agree,
undecided, disagree, strongly disagree. 
Result of males
Result of females
Conclusion
In the first part of the survey the males tended to favor more the look of the picture
than the photo's race. Women tended to show a little negative discrimination towards the
colored person picture.
In the second part of the survey both of the genders encouraged interracial marriage and
neither of the to sexes disagreed or strongly disagreed. 
The third part of the survey showed a big difference between the two genders and their
responds for the scholarship question. The males favored the scholarships of intelligent
minority students and none of the disagreed or strongly disagreed. On the other hand the
females showed a more discriminative behavior 8% of them strongly disagreed and 17%
disagreed, only 33% agreed and 17% strongly agreed. 
The overall conclusion shows that females tend to discriminate and prejudice more than
males. This answer could be misleading because only 24 people were surveyed and also
could be that the females read and answers the questions more carefully than the males. 
Article review
The first article dealt with the interesting question of does race affect intelligence.
The author states that race is related to intelligence of course he is aware that claims
of this kinds are explosive because they fly in the face of our democratic and
egalitarian beliefs by implying that people of one racial type are inherently better than
another. Therefore he ask the next question which is  is intelligence the work of nature,
in which case disparities signal that one race is actually superior to another one, or
does it reflect the forces of nurture or environment?  The article draws the conclusion
that cultural patterns matter, because genetic changes occur thousands of years and these
people largely intermarried among themselves. Nature simply cannot explain such a
dramatic rise in IQ scores.
Chapter 12 talks about the difference between the race and ethnicity. This chapter
explains how people prejudice minorities and gives various theories of prejudice. The
chapter also explicates what is a stereotype and racism, describes discrimination,
pluralism, assimilation, segregation and genocide.