FREE ESSAY ON JUVENILE DELINQUENCY

JUVENILE DELINQUENCY

There is no doubt that various experts can give us many theories as to the causes of
juvenile delinquency, including one's economic background, substance abuse, delinquent
peer groups, repeated exposure to violence, increased availability of firearms and media
violence, however, I feel that the number one cause of juvenile delinquency is the
breakdown of families, including lack of parental control over children. It is ironic in
America, today, one must have a driver's license to operate a vehicle, a permit to own a
gun and even a license to own a dog, but one does not have to have training or a license
in order to become a parent. Without specialized educational programs in child
development and parenting, many of our future parents will not have a chance at becoming
successful parents and worse, yet, many parents today are already contributing to the
ever increasing problem of juvenile delinquency simply by not knowing how to be parents.
Being a parent is a lifelong commitment and new parents must learn parenting skills
immediately; they do not have the luxury of internships and often times, mistakes in
parenting will have drastic effects on the child.
There are many reasons for the widespread crisis in families today. Below are some of
those causes:
Changes in the Social Environment - there have been many changes 
in our social environment over the last twenty five years. These changes
have made a risky environment for today's youth. Children and teenagers
spend more time with peer groups than ever before. Drugs and deadly 
weapons are used increasingly as ways to solve problems. Illicit and 
explicit sexuality and violence are the main subjects of choice in the 
media; and the impact of media influence has widened and become
more vivid with the introduction of computers, video games, portable
stereos and MTV.
Changes in Family Structure and Functioning - The prevalence of 
divorce and the increasing number of women in the workplace have
reduced the number of adults who provide interaction, structure and
supervision in a child's life. Along with this, institutions have not kept 
pace in providing alternative programs for unsupervised kids. Add to 
this new parenting expectations that come with single parent and step-
parent families and you now have a confusing, often inconsistent and/
or unreliable home base for children.
Confusion About Parent Roles and Parent Control - When children
reach adolescence, conflict between parents and teens normally increases
as teens need to distance themselves from parental identity to establish
their own identity. Experts agree they are generally three parenting styles
that reportedly escalate these conflicts.
The authoritarian parent tends to emphasize rules and very harsh
consequences. There is little room for discussion or negotiation.
The indulgent parent tends to spoil the child and expects little or no
responsibility at home, choosing instead to clean up after the child both
at home and in his social misbehavior.
The indifferent parent is so preoccupied with his/her own life and
activities that little time and energy is given to either involvement or
appropriate structure.
The type of parenting that does work is simply called authoritative parenting. This type
of parent assumes a role of authority in the child's life, but the rules and structure
are sensible and flexible to accommodate the child's growth toward adolescence and young
adulthood. The parent's intelligent explanations of the rules plus reasonable enforcement
help to maintain a steady reduction of control as the child matures.
Studies have been made to determine the causes of juvenile delinquency. Many of these
studies have focused on family relationships. In one study, comparing delinquent and
non-delinquent youths showed that over ninety percent of the delinquents had unhappy home
lives and felt discontented with their life circumstances. Only thirteen percent of the
non-delinquent youths felt this way. This study also brought attention to the fact that
to these youths, delinquency appeared to be a sort of solution to them. It brought
attention to youths neglected by their parents, or approval of delinquent friends, or it
solved problems of an unhappy home life in other ways.
A study by the National Institute of Justice also determined that youths from neglectful
homes, single parent homes and homes in which substance abuse was a problem had a greater
likelihood of being charged as a juvenile of a crime or status offense. In fact, research
has shown that fifty three percent of these children are more likely to be arrested and
thirty eight percent more likely to commit an act of violence. Between 1976 and 1996, the
number of juveniles living in poverty grew 42 percent. Along with this growth, crimes
committed by juveniles also grew.
From as early as the turn of the century, experts in juvenile delinquency (Morrison,
1915) have recognized the family's early and primary role in influencing delinquency.
These experts concluded that family dysfunction and poor parental supervision and
socialization are major influences on children's subsequent delinquency. Unfortunately,
society did not take action on these earlier findings, thus it has only been recently
that the impact of family factors has received much attention or research funding. The
implications of existing research are that the family environment can either protect
children from subsequent delinquency or put them at greater risk.
It is true, that depending on the level of functioning, families can negatively impact a
child's development. In a study conducted by Stouthamer-Loeber of approximately 300
research study cases, it was determined, in longitudinal studies, that socialization
factors such as lack of supervision, parental rejection of the child, child rejection of
the parent and lack of parent/child involvement were found to be the strongest indicators
of delinquency. Parental dysfunction, such as criminality, substance abusers and poor
marital relations were mid level predictors and parental health and actual absence of
parent were weak predictors. In concurrent comparative studies, the strongest correlate
of problem behaviors in children were the child's rejection of the parents and the
parental rejection of the child. The importance of effective parental discipline was
higher in the comparative studies than in the longitudinal studies. The overall effect of
these risk factors appeared to be the same for both boys and girls.
In a study conducted by Wright and Wright in 1997, four factors were determined to
explain the relationship between single parent families and delinquency. These factors
include economic deprivation, reduced supervision, formal controls, social supports,
living in poverty neighborhoods characterized by high crime rates and alienation and
lastly an increased criminal justice system response to children from single parent
families. They also determined the absence of fathers increased these factors. Children
from both single parent families, as well as those children who live in complex,
shifting, highly stressed families suffer from these same conditions. In fact, according
to Senator Daniel Patrick Moynihan, poverty has now become a children's problem, owing
chiefly to the fact that an increased proportion of children live for long periods,
sometimes their entire childhood, in mother only families, a large fraction of which are
also poor. A 1996 Department of Health and Human Services study found that at every
income level except for the very highest (over $50,000 a year), children living with
never married mothers were more likely than their counterparts in two parent families to
have been expelled or suspended from school, to display emotional problems and to engage
in anti-social behavior. The same study revealed that if the family is headed by a
teenage African American single mother, the risks are even greater. Children of teenage
black single mothers are less able to control their impulses, have a lower tolerance for
frustration, are more likely to be hyperactive, have more difficulty adapting to school
and, if boys, are likely to be more hostile, assertive and willful than children of older
mothers, both black and white.
Another factor to consider in the breakdown of families is the increasing number of
children placed into foster care by single mothers who are unable to provide for their
care, children born addicted to crack and taken away from their mothers, children born
infected with the HIV virus who demand more care than their mothers are able to provide
for them and those children who are actually homeless due to any number of conditions.
These children are at an even greater risk for delinquency. It is estimated that over
500,000 children are presently in foster care. These same children move from home to home
an average of three times per year. Is it any wonder, without proper parental care,
supervision and control that 44 percent of these foster children are expected to commit
an act of delinquency before they turn eighteen?
Children , both young and old, have the right to expect strong family morals and values.
Children have the right to have their parents show a sincere interest in both their
school work and their activities away from school. Children have the right to have both
parents actively involved in all aspects of their lives. They have the right for parents
to sit civilly at the dinner table and ask about their day. They have a right for respect
and decency and they have a right to not be victimized by those people who chose to bring
them into this world. They have a right to be able to learn respect for other people,
respect for authority and respect for themselves. Children have a right to effective
parenting. 
In conclusion, I would agree there are many causes of juvenile delinquency, however, the
most important cause and one that needs to be addressed and corrected is the breakdown of
families. Parents who care responsibly for their children will help them avoid the other
causes of delinquency. These parents will restrict their access to media violence,
monitor their peer groups, explain and inform them of the negative effects of substance
abuse, prevent their access to firearms, provide them with a stable family life, free of
violence, discipline them with love and consistency and most importantly, teach them the
basic values of life - respect for others, respect for authority and respect for
themselves.
CAUSES OF JUVENILE DELINQUENCY
THE BREAKDOWN OF FAMILIES IN AMERICA
Cheryl L. Rhoades
March 11, 1999
RESOURCES
1. Kortege, Carglyn, Parenthood Training Promoted. The Register Guard, Des Moines, IA
www.os/c.org/InTheNews/parenthood
2. Child Abuse Prevention Network, Moral Development and Boys, James Garbarino, PH.D
www.child.cornell.edu/npr.violentboys
3. Conseur, Amy, Rivera, Frederick P., Baronski, Robert and Irvin, Emanuel, Maternal and
Perinatal Risk Factors for Later Delinquency. Pediatrics, June, 1997, v. 99, p 785 (6)
4. Berg, Stacie Zoe, High Praise For Strict Parenting, Insight on the News, Sept. 1,
1997, v 13, n 32, p. 43 (1)
5. Encarta Online Deluxe, Juvenile Crime www.encarta.msn.com/encart
6. Alternatives For Parents Who Have Lost Control www.fbcbaytown.org/parents 
7. Boostrom, Ron, Enduring Issues in Criminology - Opposing Viewpoints, Greenhaven Press,
Inc., P.O. Box 289009, San Diego, CA 92198-9009, p. 121-125, 173-174, 180
8. MacKenzie, D.L. 1997, Criminal Justice and Crime Prevention. In Preventing Crime: What
Works, What Doesn't, What Looks Promising (A Report to the United States Congress), eds.
L.W. Sherman, D. Gottfredson, D.MacKenzie, J. Eck, P. Reuter and S. Bushway, Washington,
D.C. - National Institute of Justice