FREE ESSAY ON ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS OF GLOBAL WARMING

ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS OF GLOBAL WARMING

Environmental Effects of Global Warming
The greenhouse effect and global warming are issues that are talked about by geologists
all the time. The greenhouse effect is a natural process that keeps the earth at
temperatures that are livable. Energy from the sun warms the earth when its heat rays are
absorbed by greenhouse gasses and become trapped in the atmosphere. Some of the most
common greenhouse gasses are water vapor, carbon dioxide, and methane. If there were no
greenhouse gasses, very few rays would be absorbed and the earth would be extremely cold.
When too many rays are absorbed, the earth's atmosphere starts to warm, which leads to
global warming. Americans are the leading cause for this phenomenon and our behavior is
leading to many problems that are affecting the environment in which we live. 
In order to talk about global warming, we must first learn what causes the greenhouse
effect. A lot of the rays from the sun are absorbed by water vapor that is naturally in
our atmosphere. Water vapor accounts for "80 percent of natural greenhouse warming. The
remaining 20 percent is due to other gasses that are present in very small amounts"
(Murck, Skinner and Porter 488). Carbon dioxide is also a big absorber of the sun's heat
rays. Humans can cause a lot of carbon dioxide to be released. Every time we burn fossil
fuels, we release more carbon dioxide. Emissions from cars also increase the 
Rounds 2
amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. If there is more carbon dioxide in the
atmosphere more rays from the sun are absorbed. This will cause the atmosphere and the 
earth's temperature to warm. The warming of the earth will cause the oceans to become
warmer. When they heat up, more water is evaporated, causing more carbon dioxide to be
released into the atmosphere. Once this process starts, it is extremely hard to control.
If the temperature keeps rising, more carbon dioxide will be released. Another greenhouse
gas is methane: "Methane absorbs infrared radiation 25 times more
effectively than carbon dioxide, making it an important greenhouse gas despite its
relatively low concentration" (490). There have been many studies on how methane is
released into the atmosphere. Methane in the atmosphere is "generated by biological
activity related to rice cultivation, leaks in domestic and industrial gaslines, and the
digestive process of domestic livestock, especially cattle" (490). 
An environmental effect of global warming is the fact that higher temperatures will lead
to a change in the water cycle. Some places may experience more rain. Warmer temperatures
will cause a greater amount of evaporation from lakes, rivers, and oceans. In some areas
this could be good, and in others it could be considered bad. In northern regions of the
United States, an increase in the temperature and amount of rain could actually extend
the growing season of crops. This would in turn mean more money for farmers in the
northern region. It could also hurt some farmers. Too much rain is bad for some crops.
Certain areas will actually get less rain, which would lead to more droughts and have a
negative impact on crops. Warm and wet weather is usually a factor 
Rounds 3
that promotes tropical storms. Global warming would lead to tropical storms' appearing
with greater frequency. More rain will also force plant life to adjust. Forests and plant

life migrates naturally, but scientists say that global warming would cause them to
migrate at a much faster rate. If the climate changes the Intergovernmental Panel on 
Climate Change says, "some forest species in North America will shift by as much as 300
miles to the north" (www.pirg.org/enviro/global_w/fact.htm). If a region is getting more
rain and plants on the border of that region need rain to survive, they will naturally
begin growing in the new region.
The Environmental Media Services Organization has found that the greenhouse effect "could
drive global temperatures up as much as 6 degrees by the year 2100 - an increase in heat
comparable to the 10 degree warming that ended the last ice age"
(www.ems.org/climate/sub2_html). If a ten-degree warming was the factor that ended the
ice age, imagine what another warming by about that same amount could do. Scientists
believe that a warming of only 6 degrees would cause glaciers to melt at a high rate.
This would cause an increase in the level of the oceans. According to the article
"Turning up the Heat: How Global Warming Threatens Life in the Sea," coastal cities and
islands would be in danger of flooding if the ocean levels rose: "Only a 1-cm rise in sea
level can erode a full 1 meter of beach" (Berntson and Mathews-Amos
www.worldwildelife.org/news/pups/wwf_ocean.htm). Sea ice would also be susceptible to
melting, which would raise the water level even more. 
Global warming will not just make sea levels rise; it will also affect sea life. Corals
"are intolerant of temperatures just a few degrees warmer than usual" (ibid.). 
Rounds 4
Small increases in the temperature can kill corals. There have been problems with corals
dying in the past few years because of increased water temperatures. Other marine life 
may migrate northward or southward because the waters are warmer. The warm water would
make them think that they were in their natural habitat, when they were actually
migrating toward the poles. Food would be scarce in their new habitat. 
Another impact of global warming will be that some diseases are likely to be spread more
easily. Mosquitoes are a major carrier of tropical diseases. They are commonly known for
carrying malaria, cholera, and dengue fever. Malaria outbreaks are usually confined to
"where the minimum winter temperature reaches no lower than 16 [degrees Celsius],"
according to the World Wide Fund for Nature, an independent
organization(www.panda.org/climate/climate_docs/health_factsheet/malria.htm). Scientists
are beginning to notice that malaria outbreaks are occurring outside these 
places. They are attributing this to increased temperatures from global warming. Places
such as California, Texas, Florida, Michigan, and New York have had more cases of
malaria. People from these states know that the summers have been very hot and humid
lately. Malaria mosquitoes thrive in hot and humid weather. Increased temperatures and
more rain in some areas will cause hot and humid weather, which will allow for mosquitoes
to migrate to new places and spread the disease. A study suggests "malaria transmission
would increase from 45% of the globe to 60%, if atmospheric levels of greenhouse gases
reach concentrations equivalent to a doubling of CO2 since 
Rounds 5
the industrial revolution" (ibid.). Cholera and dengue fever are also carried by
mosquitoes and thrive in warm and moist climates. As with malaria, more cholera and
dengue fever outbreaks would occur because of migrating mosquitoes. 
As stated earlier, the warming of the oceans will increase the amount of carbon dioxide
in the atmosphere and will make global warming a problem of increasing severity. There
are other ways that this happens too. As the weather becomes warmer, more organic matter
in the ground will be decomposed. This causes carbon dioxide to be released into the
atmosphere: "If average temperatures would rise by .3 degrees C per decade, soils will
release an amount of CO2 equal to nearly 20 percent of the projected amount released by
combustion of fossil fuels" (Murck, Skinner and Porter 495 ). Gas hydrates will also
decompose with warmer temperatures. Gas hydrates are "ice-like solids in which molecules
of gas, mainly methane, are locked in the structure of water"
and are usually found in frozen soil or in ocean sediments (495). Scientists have found
that "gas hydrates worldwide hold a total of 10,000 billion metric tons of carbon, twice
the amount contained in all the known coal, gas, and oil reserves on the land" (495).
When temperatures increase, frozen soil will melt and release gas hydrates, and hydrates
from ocean sediment will also break down. Because of this, more methane and carbon will
be released into the atmosphere, making the greenhouse effect even stronger. This will
damage our environment even more. 
Global warming is becoming a major problem as we move to the 21st century and beyond.
When more greenhouse gasses like carbon dioxide and methane are released, they trap heat
rays and keep them in our atmosphere. This causes an increase in 
Rounds 6
temperature. Increases in temperature can do a lot of damage, even in small increases.
Only a few degrees ended the ice age thousands of years ago. Another warming like that
can have huge environmental effects. Changes in temperature will upset water cycles. 
Some areas will get more precipitation, some will get less. A warming of a few degrees
would cause glaciers and sea ice to melt. This would lead to ocean levels rising and
would damage coastal cities and islands. It would also cause a disruption in different
species living in the ocean and increase the levels of some disease, especially ones
carried by mosquitoes, which thrive in warm climates. In order to stop global warming,
much has to be done. Although it is very difficult to reverse once the process is
started, global warming has to be stopped if we want to live like we are now. Emission of
fossil fuels by humans is a big factor in the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.
Controlling these emissions is one of the first of many steps that we must take in order
to combat global warming. If it is not controlled, problems such as the mentioned ones,
along with others, will definitely disrupt our living patterns. 
Today American lifestyles control our significance in the environment. Ultimately, this
problem will never be completely solved, however, with a joined effort by all Americans
we can slow down the process of Global warming. 
Bibliography
Work Cited
Berntson, Ewann, "Turning up the Heat: How Global Warming Threatens Life in the Sea."
World
Wildelife Fund and the Marine Conservation Biology Institute. 20 Jan. 2000
.
"Fast Facts" 1999. Environmental Media Services. 20 Jan. 2000
.
"Malaria and Dengue Fever" World Wildlife Fund for Nature. 20 Jan. 2000
.
Murck, Barbara, Brian Skinner, and Stephen Porter. Environmental Geology. New York: John
Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1996.
"Stop Global Warming." Mar. 1999. Public Intrest Research Groups. 20 Jan. 2000 
.
Tarbuck, Edward and Frederick Lutgens. Earth: An Introduction to Physical Geology. New
Jersey: Prentice Hall, 1996.