FREE ESSAY ON EDISON AND HIS BRILLIANCE

EDISON AND HIS BRILLIANCE

Edison's and His Brilliance
Thomas A. Edison earned his reputation as one of America's greatest inventors and heroes.
Full of innovation, ingenuity, and enterprise, Edison embodie[d] much of what Americans
have felt was positive about the national experience.  Edison can put claim to 1093 US
patents in addition to thousands more international patents. His works include such major
contributions as advancements in telegraphy, the phonograph, a perfected
nickel-iron-alkaline battery, and the first commercially successful incandescent lighting
system. As shown by his many patents, Edison not only contributed innovative technologies
to society, but he was also a successful entrepreneur. Edison's success with the
incandescent light was not only one of his greatest achievements, but also one of man's
greatest achievements. Edison began tinkering with the notion of incandescence in 1876 up
to 1878, when he dedicated his efforts to produce an economical electric light. He
combined both his stunning intellect with his spirit for hard work to produce some of the
world's greatest inventions. Finally in 1879, after nearly four years of tedious work,
Edison's first success came about with the use of a carbonized cotton thread.
History of Thomas A. Edison
Born on February 11, 1847 to Samuel and Nancy Edison, Thomas spent the first seven years
of his life in Milan, Ohio, his place of birth. In 1854, opportunity took the Edison
family to Port Huron, Michigan, a city twice the size of Milan. Edison's formal education
ended after only three months of private schooling; he responded poorly to the regimented
atmosphere of the school, which caused some to see Edison as a problem child.  However,
Edison's mother, a former school teacher, began educating Thomas at home. Edison credits
some of his creativity to his non-formal education, claiming that formal education,
cast 'the brain into a mould' and '[did] not encourage original thought or reasoning,'
laying 
'more stress on memory than on observation.' . 
Early on, Nancy provided Edison with physical science and chemistry books, from which he
would experiment. This set in motion Edison's interest and fascination with the
scientific and inventive processes.
At the age of twelve, Edison began his work as a railroad concessionist, selling
newspapers and snacks on trains. During his breaks, Edison would experiment in the
baggage cars, one of which he later set on fire. Edison's shift in career to telegraphy
was a fortunate event for him. One day he saved a boy's life and in gratitude the father
taught Edison how to become a telegraph operator.  Later, Edison migrated to New York and
found himself in a high paying job for having repaired a broken stock ticker machine
during a financial crisis. In 1869, Edison swore to move from being a simple operator to
a scientific inventor, and later, he sold an improved stock ticker, which allowed him to
open a workshop in New Jersey to become a full-time inventor. The laboratory was a
forerunner of today's modern research facility, and itself was a great invention.  Here,
Edison improved the typewriter, making it possible for the first time to type faster than
could be written by hand. And in 1876, Edison moved to the famous Menlo Park in New
Jersey, where one of his first inventions included an improved telephone with a carbon
transmitter so people would no longer need to shout into the phone. 
Over the next six years, Edison and the Menlo Park team produced more than 400 patents.
One such major invention includes the phonograph, Edison's personal favorite and one of
the most original inventions ever devised , which he again later improved for commercial
use. He was trying to find a way to record telegraph messages automatically with the
application of a paraffin-coated paper tape, embossed by a stylus with dots and dashes.
The tape made a similar sound to human speach, and so Edison attempted to connect a
telephone diaphragm to the embossing needle. In his first demonstration, Edison recited
Mary Had A Little Lamb, which the phonograph was perfectly able to reproduce. With the
ability to record, the phonograph led to the development of the music industry today.
This invention earned Edison the nickname, The Wizard of Menlo Park. While the Wizard's
earliest hopes for the phonograph focused on education and business, Edison envisioned
the phonograph as a 
way to record books for blind people, to teach elocution, to record lectures, to 
preserve the voices of historically important people, to perform office dictation, to 
log telephone messages, and finally to record music.  
He even imagined the application of the phonograph towards talking dolls and other toys.
Also at this time, Edison began his work with the development of the incandescent
electric light. Although he did not invent the electric light or incandescent lamp,
Edison was the first to construct an economically viable model. His entrepreneurial
skills allowed him to realize what people needed, which resulted in his many improvements
of existing technology. Earlier in his life while still a telegraph operator, Edison had
invented an electric vote-counting machine, his first perfected invention. Edison spoke
to a Congressional committee about this, but was refused because the machine was too fast
for the processes of that time. It was from this incident that Edison vowed '...never to
invent anything that nobody wanted.' 
Edison neither invented the electric light nor incandescent lamp, but he was the first to
produce an economically viable model. He foresaw electricity as a great means for the
future and desired a substitute for gas as a means of lighting the home. From his
experience and background, Edison realized that the key would be finding the proper
filament, some carbonized thread that did not contain air unlike the wires and rods
applied by his peers. October 19, 1879 marked his first success with the application of a
carbonized cotton thread which some say burned for forty hours, while others say fifteen.
Nonetheless, this success was a major milestone. Later, Edison made lamps suitable for
commercial use with bamboo filaments. In September of 1882, Edison opened the first
commercial central station in New York with 400 lamps wired to his own dynamos (electric
generators). 
After only five years at Menlo Park, Edison and his team abandoned this facility. Only a
few years after its occupancy, the team deserted the building and left it to crumble. 
Did Edison fail? No, success not failure was the reason for this. Menlo Park served its
occupants by isolating them and reducing the noise experienced in a big city.
In 1887, Edison moved to a larger laboratory in West Orange, New Jersey, where he
dedicated much of his time to perfecting his previous inventions. It was here that Edison
developed the kinetoscope, a forerunner to the motion picture camera. Later when George
Eastman developed celluloid-based photographic film...flexible enough to thread through a
wheel,  Edison created the first movie studio in West Orange by connecting the phonograph
and the camera to make talking pictures. However, the machine was flawed and Edison put
it aside to allow others to correct its faults. Some of his later inventions and
improvements include the storage battery, cement mixer, and his last invention, synthetic
rubber from goldenrod plants.
Edison died on October 18, 1931. Henry Ford, already an Edison fanatic and later a great
inventor himself, moved the Menlo Park laboratory to Greenfield Village in Dearborn,
Michigan. His efforts helped to preserve the tremendous legacy of Edison. 
History of Light
Conquering darkness has always been one of man's perpetual goals. With the invention of
fire in prehistoric times, man was able to conquer darkness so long as he had fuel (wood)
to burn. This was later adapted to the torch with pitch, resin, or fat to extend the
burning time. Soon the Egyptians developed a well shaped oil lamp, which remained
unchanged for a long time. For thousands of years, people applied the dim flickering oil
lamps, until physicist Aime Argand noticed his younger brother at play with a bottle and
an oil lamp. Then glass cylinders for lamps came into use and increased the brightness of
lighting. 
Pine torches, however, still filled the larger rooms of temples and palaces as they gave
out more than ten or twenty times as much light as a lamp. By the end of the second
century A.D., the Romans began to soak flax strings in tallow or beeswax, but candles
held a high price. Until the nineteenth century, many improvements were made upon the wax
candle, but even then, many rooms were still dimly lit.
The next big innovation was the development of the gas lamp by William Murdock. One
night, Murdock filled a pig's bladder with gas, stuck one end of his pipe into it, and
lit the gas on the other end. Luckily no air had mixed with the gas, or else Murdock
would have been killed. In any case, with the help of Samuel Clegg, Murdock developed gas
lighting after several years of work. Now Clegg needed to convince city officials to
employ their gas lighting system, which he did very unusually. 
Samuel Clegg invited the whole borough council, together with their expert advisor, to
breakfast and afterward showed the gentlemen the site of the gasworks. When they entered
the building housing the gas holder Clegg...seized a pickax, struck a hole in the gas
holder, and set light to the jet of gas that poured out. 
Clegg had carefully locked the door, so the officials could not escape. Once they
observed that they had survived the trial, the officials supported the institution of gas
as a citywide lighting system. Once people realized that gas lighting was not dangerous,
it became highly widespread, reaching Paris in 1817, Berlin in 1826, Vienna in 1833, and
London in 1819. Then, the discovery of electricity provided another potential power
source. 
People knew that electric signals could be sent along wires, but they also realized that
electric current could be used to generate heat. With the appropriate resistance, intense
heat could be generated to produce light. The first to know and demonstrate this
discovery was Sir Humphry Davy in 1808. By connecting two charcoal rods to the two
terminals of the battery and moving these rods close to one another, a dazzlingly
brilliant ray of light formed between them.  The evolution of cheaper power sources and
materials increased the feasibility of this arc lighting system. Several advancements
were made with the arc lighting, however all were too powerful for domestic use.
This changed in 1848, when Heinrich Goebel produced a perpetually burning incandescent
bulb, using eau-de-Cologne bottles for his vacuum and carbonized bamboo from his cane.
From then on, the goal of inventors was not the basic idea of electric lighting but a
practical application of these ideas. Here, Edison stepped into the electric light scene.
The name Thomas Alva Edison would have gone down in the history of inventions if he had
created nothing else than the incandescent bulb, but he achieved a great deal more.  
In addition to developments with the electric light bulb, major advancements were
occurring in the field of electricity. French scientist Jean Benard Leon Foucault began
the movement towards large, inexpensive power sources by instituting dynamo engines in
place of galvanized batteries. Soon, Edison would also enter the field of power and
electricity. 
Edison's process of experimenting with the light bulb was a highly systematic form of
trial and error. Edison's search was highly focused because he had realized the need for
the proper filament early in his experimenting; and Edison was no stranger to trial and
error experimenting. Although later successful, Edison's work with the storage battery is
a clear example of this. His tests included nearly 10,000 experiments, all failed, yet
Edison concluded, '...I have not failed. I've just found 10,000 ways that won't work. '
Clearly, Edison was not only brilliant as a scientist but also hard working.
Finally, after thousands of trials and failures with thousands of various filaments, the
Menlo Park team had its greatest success in 1879 with a carbonized cotton thread. Edison
was able to reduce the rapid burn-up of the filament by hermetically sealing the bulb
with improved vacuum pumps. These major breakthroughs led to more interest and more
experimentation, which led to the application of better filaments such as bamboo, osmium,
and today's tungsten. Edison would later make his own improvements upon the vacuum pump.
The discoveries of luminous tubes and mercury vapor luminescence further reduced the
costs and increased the quality of electric lighting. 
In addition to the development of better filaments, Edison needed to devise a generator
capable of powering buildings, ships, and even cities. This he called the dynamo, which
also led to the development of the jumbo dynamo. Several of these jumbo dynamos were
capable of powering city districts. 
Edison amazed crowds but still had far to go before producing a commercial setting for
his light. After several years of additional work and experimenting in every aspect of
electric lighting from power to resistance, Edison's incandescent light bulb began to
catch more public interest. In 1882, the Pearl Street Station operated to power nearly
1300 lamps and a year later 10,300 lamps in New York City. Electricity began to replace
gas as the main power source for homes, despite defaming efforts by many gas companies.
The success of the Pearl Street Station marked the beginning of the electrical power era.

The Inventive Process
The cornerstone of Edison's scientific approach was his patience for trial and error
experimentation. Although known as a weak method, one which can fundamentally be applied
to any type of problem, the process of trial and error served as the foundation of all
Edison's inventions. In many cases, he would notice a problem or a lack with a present
device; from this, Edison would test various methods to eliminate this problem or fill
the need. His inventions of the improved telegraphing methods, stock tickers, electric
light bulbs, batteries, and many more demonstrate this. Edison summed up his own personal
feelings about thinking and creativity when he said, genius is 1% inspiration and 99%
perspiration.  This is truly a work ethic he followed as demonstrated by his hard work
and dedication to inventing. Even still, many of Edison's assistants refuted this
statement with their own lack of intuitiveness, ingenuity, and invention.
Edison was not bothered by the particulars of organization in his thoughts. He kept
extensive records of his thoughts and findings, over four million pages of writing. Due
to his constant observations and ideas, historians began to equate Edison and Leonardo da
Vinci in the field of invention and ingenuity.
In addition to his many patented inventions, Edison dabbled with many other ideas. One
example would be his thoughts on human flight nearly three decades before the Wright
Brothers' historic flight. Between inventive flurries, Edison's mind would wander even
into calligraphy or poetry, which he recorded with his notes. 
To limit distractions and noise from big cities, Edison conceived the idea of invention
factories. By keeping a well-stocked laboratory, Edison was able to provide the proper
work environment for his employees and assistants. By having a chemistry lab, machine
shop, and brilliant group under one roof, Edison was able to produce hundreds of
inventions at his laboratory. 
Edison's core group of handpicked assistants included university-educated men specially
chosen because of their expertise in fields in which Edison felt himself to be deficient.
 From his work, Edison formed intimate relationships with Charles Batchelor, his chief
assistant, and John Kruesi, head of his machine shop. Edison saw these bonds as essential
for Menlo Park's success and would suspend work in the absence of Batchelor. 
Francis Upton, a newer member of the group, remarked that Edison, Bachelor, 
and Kruesi made and ideal combination, since 'Mr. Edison with his wonderful 
ideas...always thinks in three dimensions. Mr. Kruesi...would distribute work so 
as to get it done with marvelous quickness and great accuracy. Mr. Batchelor was 
always ready for any special fine experimenting or observation...' 
Upton himself later became a vital part of the Menlo team as chief scientific assistant
during the electric lighting project, Edison's and Menlo Park's greatest success.
Batchelor provided Edison with his expertise of mathematics, while Upton brought highly
developed skills in physics. Arthur Kennelly, Edison's chief electrical engineer, became
yet another important member of the Menlo team. Finally, although not directly involved
with the inventing, Grosvenor Lowrey advised Edison on all his financial and political
matters. This compiled effort allowed Edison to focus more on the problem at hand,
inventing.
Because he had received little in terms of formal schooling, Edison's knowledge is a
product only of his readings and self-experience. However, he had a wide background of
careers, which provided him with a great deal of experience. To solve this problem with
the incandescent light, Edison relied on his background in electromagnetism, relay
mechanics, and circuitry laws from his work in telegraphy. In addition his work with the
phonograph expanded his knowledge of conductivity. Edison's work with batteries provided
him with a background in electrochemistry. While working on the battery, Edison attended
classes at Cooper Union to learn the necessary chemistry. He later applied this knowledge
to his work with generators and dynamos as power sources.
This broad background allowed Edison to realize the importance of not just electric
lighting for the future, but also electricity in general (he was encouraged by friends to
develop electric lighting). The problem with contemporary electric lights was that the
filaments would burn up too quickly, unless they were made of heavy (and costly) copper
wire or the like. Once Edison realized this problem, he began to concentrate his efforts
to determining the proper incandescent filament to prevent quick burn-up. Thus Edison
realized that a regulator would prevent melting, initially experimenting with spiral
shaped filaments. As stated earlier, Edison's foresight carried to more than just
electric lighting, but also creating a sufficient commercial power supply in order for
light to become a marketable. Thus Edison's work also included dedicated research towards
developing inexpensive power sources.
The development of all related areas of electric lighting were necessary steps towards
incandescence. This included not only the discovery of the filament, but also creating
the proper vacuum and providing the proper power supply. He had experimented with carbon
paper filaments in 1876 and 1877, but he began a systematic assault on the electric light
bulb and it complementary system in 1878.  In October of 1878, work on finding the proper
regulator governed the Park activities. At the same time, the Menlo Park team devoted
attention towards the electromagnetic generator. In December of this year, work on the
lamp ceased as generator experiments were intensified.
To fulfill his quest for incandescence, Edison drew heavily on his experience with
telegraphy to visualize the system of relays and circuit breakers. Although the broad
concepts of the research were his own, Edison relied on his staff and assistants to carry
out important functions where he may have been lacking. Again in 1879, the Menlo team
turned research back to developing the light itself. The application of Sprengel's
mercury pump aided the creation of a vacuum, but in failing to obtain a complete vacuum,
tests were conducted at Menlo Park to produce new vacuum techniques.  
Later in March, Edison submitted his patent application for his vacuum techniques and
high resistance lamps. Edison's knowledge allowed him to see that high currents would
require thick and expensive copper wire to transfer energy, and as an alternative, Edison
saw that high-resistance lamps required no more energy than low-resistance ones, which
led him to experiment with spiraled platinum filaments. However, following events would
soon change this. In October of 1879, Carbon replaced platinum as the primary filament
material, and a practical light bulb became a reality. Edison had experimented with
carbon early in his research. He had tested carbonized paper as early as 1877, but it
burned up almost immediately. He eventually turned to platinum because of its high
melting point.  Now this return to carbonized materials combined with Edison's practice
of trial and error, may seem impractical, however the new vacuum pump made it possible to
burn carbon much less quickly than in the atmosphere. In addition, Edison may have
compared his situation to that of Joseph Swan who successfully applied carbon cylinders
in low-resistance lamps. Another analogous situation may have been Edison's own success
with carbon transmitters in the telephone. 
In any case, on October 21 and 22, the team had abandoned the spiraled carbonized thread,
which led to a major development. While Edison recalls this experiment as the culmination
of their research, his staff viewed the success as just a promising new direction. Soon,
Upton's parlor, Edison's house, and the Menlo Park boarding house for staff were lit up
for public display. On a New Year's Eve demonstration, forty bulbs were lit
simultaneously, and they were switched on and off...this was an amazing feat.  
Even with the success of the cotton thread, Edison continued to seek better filaments for
his lamp. He captured public attention by sending his men to various locations all over
the world, testing bamboo from Japan and exotic plants from the Amazon and Sumatra. In
the end, Edison had tested over 6,000 types of vegetation.
Thomas Edison created inventions for two reasons: 1) more efficient technology and 2)
profit. In order for the lamps to succeed, they needed to be placed in a commercially
viable setting. The first public testing occurred on the SS Columbia, a steamship for the
Oregon Railway and Navigation Company. These lamps burned for over 415 hours, which
proved to be a successful field test. As experimenting continued, Edison began developed
additional equipment towards commercial use by including lamp sockets and safety fuses.
Now that the problem of the filament had been solved, Edison shifted his concerns towards
developing power generation, distribution, and efficient and sustained illumination in
addition to cost and utility. He aspired to produce an energy system for broad
application. Much of Edison's inventing now became based upon their need towards
commercializing the electric light. Such examples are junction boxes, switches, and
meters. 
After the development of the necessary commercial technology, Edison set out to lay the
distribution cables and underground mains. He realized that although overhead wiring was
cheaper, underground distribution was much more reliable. Edison applied his own personal
experience with the gas companies to know how efficient underground mains were. Edison's
choice was a wise one because in 1888, thousands of overhead wires were destroyed by an
enormous blizzard. The operation of this Pearl Street Station demonstrated the viability
of the central station concept for electrical power distribution. Pearl was never an
experimental situation; it was a consumer-based, urban oriented, site-specific commercial
enterprise.  To simply put it, the Pearl Street Station was the real deal. 
From now on, all components of the system had to be evaluated in terms of cost,
especially lamp filaments and copper wiring. The benchmark was the cost of gas lighting;
in order to be competitive with gas, the cost of electricity needed to be equal to or
less than that of gas. Cost factors had strongly affected technical and business
decisions from the onset of the research, but now with success so close, every aspect
needed to be considered. For example, the decision for high-resistance filaments was
driven by cost rather than feasibility. Durable low resistance filaments would have
worked, but the cost of the copper wiring would have prevented commercialization. 
Edison, with the help of Lowrey, formed several companies to keep manufacturing in the
inventors hands. 
The Edison Electric Illuminating Company of New York, incorporated in 
December 1880, was the operating company that built the Pearl Street Station. The Edison
Machine Works (1881) built Dynamos; Edison Electric Tube Company (1881) fabricated
underground conductors; Edison Lamp Works (1880) manufactured incandescent lamps. 
The many other problems facing Edison besides costs factors were competition from gas
companies and arc-lighting companies. In addition, public safety and a discrimination
between business customers and residential customers were crucial towards city
implementation. 
Initially lamps cost $1.40 each to manufacture, however they were sold at $0.40 to
establish a market. This consumer price remained constant while the manufacturer's cost
dropped to $0.22, however the average life a bulb increased from its original 400 hours,
increasing their value. Metering schemes were devised to provide a legitimate determinacy
of the cost of service. 
Much of Edison's inventing, especially with the electric light included means-ends
analysis. For all inventing, inventors envision their desired product, or at least they
envision the purpose of the product. Thomas Edison was no different; in fact, Edison's
success may be dependent upon his great ability to envision his final creations. Through
this, Edison would propose a broad range of connections in order to test not just for any
successful method but for the optimal one. But more than that, Edison's success as an
inventor can be attributed to his attitudes, work habits, and methods of reasoning.
Perseverance and patience built the foundation of Edison's ability, as demonstrated by
his quotes concerning genius and his 10,000 failed experiments. [Edison] saw every
failure as a success, because it channeled his thinking in a more fruitful direction. 
Edison may have inherited this attitude form his father who was not afraid to take risks
and never crumbled when a business venture failed. On [one] occasion, unprotected
chemical were damaged by sunlight. Instead of bemoaning the losses, Edison put aside all
other projects to catalogue changes in the properties of the bottled substances.  This
clearly demonstrates Edison's optimism in spite of seemingly apparent disaster. Although
described as a workaholic, Edison's curiosity can be described as childlike and fun
loving. 
Edison's process of generate and test was highly organized by his definitions of his
goals, however his method of inventing was highly disorganized. While his own
conceptualizations directed his trial experiments, Edison would often go back and review
his earlier sketches to see if, in light of the new knowledge he had acquired, abandoned
ideas could be resurrected.  
Analogy, another weak method, was also to key to many of Edison's inventions. He applied
knowledge gained from his own inventions and experiments to his current projects. His
distinctive repertoire of forms, models and design solutions,  applied to invention after
invention, sometimes referred to as Edison's themes and variations. Such a case can be
seen when one compares his first drawings of the kinetoscope with his wax-cylinder
phonograph. Edison himself noted the similarity between the two when he stated, 'I am
experimenting upon an instrument which does for the eye what the phonograph does for the
ear.'  Further description paralleled the spiral images of film and the spiral grooves on
records. This distant analogy can also be seen when Edison applied his success with
carbon transmitters in telephones to his research on the incandescent filament. 
Thomas Edison was a problem solver in both the creation and commercialization of his
inventions. He developed his inventions by repeatedly trying his experiments in
increasingly complex settings until he could duplicate the item's performance. Edison's
ability to reason by analogy and to learn from failure proved to be his greatest assets
towards his inventing the electric light. Edison's work in the mechanical, electrical,
and chemical fields contributed a great deal of knowledge related to incandescence. Often
times Edison's work employed a trial and error approach but by working through variations
on a theme. Edison's process followed a direction led by, as Upton put it, guesses of
marvelous accuracy.  Edison could envision the general nature of a result long before it
be reached by mathematical induction. And Edison himself stated, 'I do not regard myself
as a pure scientist as many people insist I am...I am only a professional inventor, 
which he demonstrated with his methods of inventing. 
His purpose for inventing was solely for the object of commercial utility. Thomas Edison
did not invent the incandescent light, but Thomas Edison did invent the practical
incandescent light and the urban-based energy system. By combining the processes of
invention, engineering, and production, Edison produced a complete and commercially
viable electrical lighting system. With his abilities and innovations, Edison
institutionalized inventing. Edison worked himself from being an inventor and
entrepreneur to being an industrialist and businessman. While some may refer to the
period of technolog
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Publishers. 1990. 8
Pretzer, William S. Working at Inventing: Thomas A. Edison and the Menlo Park Experience.
Dearborn, Michigan; Henry Ford Museum and Greenfield Village. 1991. 15
Schwalbe, David. American History: Thomas Alva Edison.
http://americanhistory.about.com/education/americanhistory/library/weekly/aa120197.