FREE ESSAY ON BELIZE

BELIZE

IINTRODUCTION Belize, independent state, northeastern Central America, bounded on the
north and northwest by Mexico, on the east by the Caribbean Sea, and on the south and
west by Guatemala. Belize, until 1973 known as British Honduras, became independent in
1981 and is a member of the Commonwealth of Nations. The total area of Belize is 22,965
sq km (8867 sq mi).
IILAND AND RESOURCES The northern half of Belize consists of lowlands, large areas of
which are swampy. The southern half is dominated by mountain ranges, notably the Maya
Mountains, which rise to a maximum elevation of 1120 m (3675 ft) atop Victoria Peak. The
Caribbean coastline is fringed by coral barrier reefs and numerous cays (islets). The
principal streams are the Belize River; the Rio Azul, which forms much of the boundary
with Mexico; and the Sarstun River, which forms the southwestern boundary with Guatemala.
The climate of Belize is subtropical, moderated by sea breezes along the coast. The
average annual temperature is about 26? C (about 79? F). The total annual rainfall
increases from north to south and averages about 1800 mm (about 71 in). A rainy season
extends from May to February.
Some 86 percent Belize is covered by forests. Deciduous trees are found in the north;
tropical hardwood trees predominate in the south. Principal species include the
commercially important mahogany, cedar, and rosewood, as well as pine, oak, and palms.
Mangrove swamp vegetation is found along the coast. Wildlife includes jaguar, deer,
tapir, and numerous species of birds and reptiles.
IIIPOPULATION AND EDUCATION The majority of the population of Belize is of mixed racial
descent. The largest group is of black or partly black ancestry. Other groups include
Native Americans, principally Carib and Mayan, located in the north and west; people of
European descent, mainly English and Spanish; and people of mixed Native
American-European descent.
The population of Belize is 224,663 (1997 estimate). The overall density of 10 persons
per sq km (25 per sq mi) is the lowest in Central America. Population is concentrated in
a few principal urban centers, of which Belize City (population, 1988 estimate, 49,671)
is the largest; it is also the principal port. Belmopan (1988 estimate, 3694), a newly
constructed city, supplanted Belize City as the official capital in 1972. English is the
official language; other languages spoken include Carib, Mayan, Spanish, and a Creole
dialect of English. More than half the people are Roman Catholic, and most of the
remainder are Protestant.
Education is compulsory for children between the ages of 5 and 14. In the 1994-1995
school year 51,377 pupils were enrolled in primary schools, and 10,147 students were
enrolled in secondary schools. Higher education is available at colleges in Belize City
and Corozal. The literacy rate of 91 percent is one of the highest in Latin America.
IVGOVERNMENT Belize is governed under a constitution that became effective at
independence in 1981. The British sovereign is head of state and is represented by a
governor-general, who has little power. Executive power is mainly exercised by a cabinet
of ministers, led by a prime minister. The bicameral National Assembly consists of a
Senate of 8 appointed members and a House of Representatives of 28 members elected by
universal suffrage to terms of up to five years. The prime minister must have the support
of a majority of the members of the House. The leading political parties are the People's
United Party (1950) and the United Democratic Party (1974).
VECONOMY The main economic resource is Belize's arable land, although only 3 percent of
the total land area is under cultivation. Agricultural exports include sugar, citrus
fruits, and bananas. Rice, beans, and corn are grown as subsistence crops. Lumbering,
formerly the chief economic activity, has declined in importance. Major manufactures are
processed food, wood products, and clothing. A road network of 2248 km (1397 mi) links
the major urban centers, but some areas remain inaccessible. An international airport
serves Belize City. The unit of currency is the Belize dollar (2 Belize dollars equal
U.S.$1; 1996 fixed rate). In 1995 exports earned $139 million, and imports cost $258
million. The government's budget included $133 million in revenue and $180 million in
expenditure in 1995.
VIHISTORY In pre-Columbian times Belize was part of the territory of the Maya. It was
included in the viceroyalty of New Spain in the 1500s, and sometime later English
woodcutters from Jamaica established a settlement on the Belize River. During the wars
between England and Spain in the 1700s, Spain failed to dislodge the British from the
area. In 1836, after the emancipation of Central America from Spanish rule, the British
claimed the right to administer the region; it was declared a British colony, subordinate
to Jamaica, in 1862 and an independent crown colony in 1884.
Long-range constitutional reforms were initiated by the British in 1954, resulting in a
new constitution ten years later. Progress toward independence, however, was hampered by
an old Guatemalan claim to sovereignty over the territory. When Belize finally attained
full independence on September 21, 1981, Guatemala refused to recognize the new nation;
about 1500 British troops remained to protect Belize from the Guatemalan threat. Prime
Minister George Price of the United Party, who had led the country to independence, was
replaced by Manuel Esquivel when Belize held its first national elections, on December
14, 1984. Price returned to power after the elections of September 1989. In May 1993 the
United Kingdom announced that it would end its military involvement in Belize. All
British troops would evacuate the country by October 1994. Esquivel regained the prime
ministership in June 1993 elections. In July Esquivel announced the suspension of a pact
reached with Guatemala during Price's prime ministership, claiming Price had made too
many concessions in order to gain Guatemalan recognition. The pact would have resolved a
130-year-old border dispute between the two countries.