FREE ESSAY ON APPLEBY BOOK REVIEW

APPLEBY BOOK REVIEW

October 20, 2000
Telling The Truth About History
I am writing a book review of Telling The Truth About History by Joyce Appleby, Lynn Hunt
and Margaret Jacob. In this book, the authors' talk about the increased skepticism and
the position that relativism has lessen our ability to actually know and to write about
the past. The book discusses the writing of history, and how people are struggling with
the issues of what is "truth." It also discusses the postmodernist movement and how
future historians can avoid the mistakes by historians from the past. Telling The Truth
About History gives great insight and knowledge to those who are non-historians because
it looks at the dispute and inadequacy of past historical approaches to the study of
history and that science is dead. I hold that history was not written in Labs and
therefore cannot be compared to science. In my review I will critique the
three-absolutist ideas made by Newton and Darwin.
First, Appleby, Lynn, and Jacob discussed the ideas concerning history. The first idea
described how Newton and Darwin became chief examples of the Heroic model of science.
Then, in a later chapter, the authors' show how Newton and Darwin fell from grace and the
effect this had on history as a discipline. Nevertheless, early historians felt that the
way to find the truth was though science. Early historians felt that through science they
could become neutral and reconstruct the past exactly as it happened (241). I analyze
that Newton and Darwin made new scientific discoveries through research and mathematics.
In addition, the study of History had recently become a profession and historians held
experiments, math, and research, as their key to discover absolute truth in history.
Science was also considered to be unbiased. This kind of approach was most commonly
accepted until the early 20th Century when scientists began to become the tools of
governments and political agendas. One example of this is the Manhattan Project or the
space race. Newton's writings revealed that he dismissed some ideas because he feared
they would lead to atheism, not because they were scientifically unsound. Darwin was
discredited because he based some of his ideas on the writings of Malthus instead of
scientific experiments. Malthus' ideas were more socially based than scientifically based
(174-180).
The second absolute idea looked at the development of human laws and the idea that humans
were being pulled forward through an orderly process of change (241). According to the
book, this was an outcome of the link of history and science. History would henceforth
depend on research in archives and original sources as tests of the facts (56). According
the authors historians looked at how the passage of time changed the way societies of the
past were viewed (59). During this time two ideas were introduced. The Romantic
historian, Johann Herder, argued that each culture and historical period in history had
to be understood on its own terms (64). The second idea was by George Hegel, he stated
that truth depended on historical circumstances. These two ideas later resulted in many
debates over the truthfulness of history.
The third absolute outlined by the authors grew out of nationalism. The authors looked at
the history of the United States as it was portrayed in the 19th and early 20th
Centuries. The strong American Nationalism in the United States affected how history was
reported. The United States history was based on the idea of equality and democracy for
all. However, this was later known to be a myth. Equality and democracy only existed for,
white males. The authors look at the treatment of African Americans, Native Americans,
women, and the poor as examples of the myth of popular American history. The historians
of the time were accused of serving America and God rather than the discipline of history
(113). As the end of the 19th Century approach, the focus on "white man's history" began
to shift to social history and the study of everyday people and their experiences.
By the 1960's, all of the previous methods of studying history fell into criticism and
postmodernism gained ground. The postmodernists argue that there is no truth in history
or science. Science can be used to benefit the government that it serves, regardless of
truth and moral values (206). They also argue that historians reinvent history rather
than discovering the truth. 
The postmodernist movement has proved to be even more controversial than some of the
ideas that it replaced. Many see history adrift and looking for the next step in the
methodology of history. The authors argue that the past failures of history should be
viewed as an opportunity for further revisions and adjustments to historical
methodologies.